![]() They contain both aromatic and pungent components. 7 The ginger rhizomes are aromatic, thick lobed, branched and scaly structures with a spicy lemon-like scent. Indian ginger is characterized as an erect perennial growing plant from 1–3 ft in height. It is now widely transplanted in many countries like: India, China, Nigeria, Jamaica, Mexico and Hawaii. The plant is indigenous to warm tropical climates, particularly south eastern Asia. Ginger consists of thick scaly rhizomes of the plant Zingiber officinale it belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Ginger is one of the oldest herbs known by humankind and it is one of the earliest spices to be known in the east. However, the disadvantage is that you cannot mix the blends with other oils. The advantage, if it is a blend from pure essential oils is that you can save from having to buy every essential oil individually. Essential oils can also be purchased as blends of several essential oils. Factors that can affect the quality and price of the oil includes rarity of the plant, country and conditions that the plant grew, quality standards of the distiller, and how much oil is produced by the plant. Essential oils vary greatly in quality and price. Also, for flavoring food, drink, scenting incense, and household cleaning products. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soap and other products. Essential oils are commonly extracted by distillation or solvent extraction. Perfume oils are industrially created fragrances or contain artificial substances and do not offer the therapeutic benefits that essential oils offer. They are not the same as perfume or fragrance oils because they are derived from the true plants. Essential oils contain the true essence of the plant it is derived from. Most essential oils are clear, but some oils such as patchouli, orange and lemon grass are amber or yellow in color. Essential oils contrary to the use of the word “oil” are not really oily-feeling at all. They are mixtures of more than 200 compounds, 6 that can be grouped basically into two fractions: a volatile fraction that constitutes 90 to 95% of the whole oil, hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives along with aliphatic aldehydes, alcohols and esters and the non-volatile residue that constitutes 5 to 10% of the whole oil, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sterols and waxes. Essential oils are aromatic substances that are widely used in the perfume industries, pharmaceutical sector, food and human nutrition field. Flowers, fruits, herbs, stems, roots, leaves, buds, blossoms, seeds, nuts and even tree bark produce some of the most aromatic and therapeutic essential oils. Essential oils can be obtained from different types and parts of the plants. 5 The highest concentration of oils can be extracted using different extraction methods. Plant essences and extracts that have developed into our modern essential oils were in regular use in Rome, Greece, Egypt and throughout the Middle and Far East for some centuries. Essential oils, which are natural volatile extracts of plant materials, hold high export potential since they are of great interest in the pharmaceutical and nutrition sectors. 4 On the other hand, there is valuable interest in the production of functional, high value, natural products without chemical modification and residues of solvents or additives. Besides boosting flavor, herbs and spices are also known for their preservative, 1 anti-oxidative, 2 antimicrobial, 3 and various other medicinal uses. Introduction Herbs and spices have been used for thousands of years to enhance the color, flavor and aroma of food. The best operation conditions for the essential oil concentration in % area were 5 hours of extraction time, 500 mL volume of methanol and 30 g weight of sample. The best operation conditions for the oil recovery were 4 hours of extraction time, 750 mL volume of methanol and 30 g weight of sample. The highest oil recovery and essential oil concentration in % area were 15.2% and 22.64%, respectively. The RSM indicated that the weight of the sample had a major linear effect on the oil recovery while the extraction time had a major quadratic effect on the essential oil concentration in % area. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was employed to obtain the essential oil concentration in percentage (%) area. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of process extraction variables (extraction time, volume of solvent, weight of sample) on the production of essential oil from ginger rhizome using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
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